Bougainvillea glabra como bioindicador ambiental de poluição atmosférica em ambiente urbano

Abstract

Air pollution refers to the introduction of harmful substances or particles into the atmosphere, causing damage to environmental balance, air quality, and the health of living beings. Vegetative bioindicators have been applied as a complementary biomonitoring methodology, allowing the assessment of organisms' responses to pollution and their potential use in environmental bioremediation. This study aligns with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), specifically SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, SDG 11 - Sustainable Cities and Communities, and SDG 15 - Life on Land. The aim of this research is to investigate Bougainvillea glabra as a potential bioindicator of air pollution in Pelotas/RS. Analyses were conducted on the Bougainvillea glabra plant and its surrounding environment. Biochemical parameters of the plant were determined through enzymatic activity (SOD, CAT, and GPx) and oxidative stress (TBARS). Air quality measurements assessed environmental parameters at the collection points. Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), temperature (T), and relative humidity (RH) were measured using the AirBeam2 mobile sensor during a 15-minute exposure period. The investigation of Bougainvillea glabra as an environmental bioindicator in Pelotas/RS demonstrated its effectiveness in identifying air pollution impacts. Morphological changes, such as necrosis, chlorosis, and the presence of phytopathogenic fungi and caterpillars, were associated with exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 pollutants. Furthermore, oxidative stress analyses of the leaves, flowers, and bracts revealed significant variations in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GPx), particularly during the critical months of November and December. Integrated monitoring of particulate matter and solar radiation highlighted the relationship between pollutant dispersion and environmental conditions. These findings establish Bougainvillea glabra as a promising tool for air quality monitoring in urban areas, with the potential to identify impacts and guide conservation efforts. Future studies should explore the correlation between oxidative stress and specific environmental parameters to expand its applicability.