Uso de Indicadores Qualitativos e Quantitativos na Análise do Estado da Degradação das Fachadas de Edificações Históricas da Cidade de Pelotas/RS.

Abstract

The heritage preservation presents great importance with the cultural memories’ valorization. National Historical and Artistic Heritage Institute (IPHAN) presented 88 urban complexes under its protection. Among protected areas, 13 cities are located in the south of Brazil, and Pelotas stands out as one of them. There are two important areas for Pelotas' historical and cultural formation: one is localized in Pelotas stream banks and another in the historic center. The largest number of cultural value buildings are located in the historic center. Heritage preservation is an important tool to safeguard building construction history and cultural identity. Thus, throughout buildings life, maintenance and rehabilitation concerns must be required, and the facades are one of the building components that require more care considering their constant degradation mechanisms exposure. Historical heritage buildings present their specific characteristics in comparison with current buildings. In the context of pathological manifestations, anomalies are sometimes caused by a series of specific factors, originated by the singularities founded in this type of building. In this dissertation, qualitative and quantitative indicators were applied - damage map, Degradation Measurement Method (MMD), and Element Performance Index (Ip) - to verify the conservation status of building facades localized in preservation level 2 and inserted in the Cultural Heritage Preservation Areas (ZPPC) 1 - Site of the 1st Allotment. Degradation levels were proposed for the Pelotas inventory heritage buildings. The methodology used was divided: a selection of studied objects process for methods application, a survey of the studied objects, and application and adaptation of the three degradation measurement methods. Regarding the results, the spots of mold, fungus, mold, and black crust stand out as the most recurrent pathological manifestation. The damage appearance correlation with solar orientation could not be performed. Regarding conservation facades state, a more accurate damage representation was established through the average damage calculation using the results obtained by three different methods; the values become balanced. Only 8.7% of the facades presented high degradation levels (in decadence) indicating good conservation state of the Pelotas inventory heritage buildings. A difference in the degradation level with solar orientation was not observed, and all solar orientations presented a predominance of facades classified between excellent, good, and regular.