Otimização multiobjetivo na análise de desempenho energético de uma edificação escolar.

Abstract

The global demand in the final consumption of electricity has been growing 1% every year, and in Brazil this perspective is no different. Currently, the construction sector is one of the largest consumers of existing natural resources and buildings use about 50% of the energy produced in the country. In this scenario, buildings can be considered key pieces in the elaboration of strategies to mitigate greater environmental impacts, and their energy efficiency can be achieved through an appropriate architectural design. The analysis performed through the method of computer simulation represents a great advance, however, the multidisciplinarity of the themes related to building design presents problems that require several goals to be achieved at the same time, thus enabling the use of evolutionary methods. This study uses the multiobjective optimization tool as an aid to decision-making of design parameters for the optimization of a school building with a Proinfância standard design that must be adequate to the context of ZBs 1, 2 and 3. The choice of the object of study was based on the Brazilian tendency of standardization of public institutions projects and on the potential for improvement of the thermoenergetic performance pointed out by the literature. The methodology was divided into four steps: literature review, definition of the object of study, optimization process and analysis of results. The multiobjective optimization was carried out with the association of EnergyPlus software with the NSGA-II algorithm and the Intensity of Electric Energy Use (IUE) for heating and cooling were defined as objective functions. Five formal set derived from the initial architectural solution were analyzed, where the parameters varied were the thickness of the thermal insulation of the external walls, roof and floor, the solar absorptance of the external walls and roof, and the solar orientation. In total, about 750,000 simulations were performed, and the results indicated that the use of evolutionary algorithms as optimization tools contributes significantly to the design of efficient buildings. When optimized, all formal organizations presented above-average results results, and, the optimized standard typology was the most efficient for the context analyzed, where the final consumption of the building represents a reduction of 80% in relation to the initial consumption of the standard project with the characteristics stipulated by the FNDE.