Aplicação de métodos de análise do estado de degradação em fachadas de edificações com interesse histórico em Santo Ângelo/RS

Abstract

The Region of the Sete Povos das Missões is known for its customs and traditions, as a result of the great ethnic and cultural diversity of the people who settled there. The city of Santo Ângelo/RS holds in its buildings and streets traces of missionary architecture, representing the materialization of history and collective cultural identity and, consequently, stimulating great interest for historians and the public authorities. Despite the great cultural and social interest produced by historic municipal buildings, there are buildings that did not have maintenance, demonstrating the absence of concern and knowledge of owners and users with the preservation of built heritage. Hence, the importance of preserving this heritage as a way of maintaining the culture and history becomes evident. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the state of degradation of the historic facades since this is the appropriate way to maintain the built heritage. The present work aims to evaluate the state of degradation of the facades of the 65 buildings inventoried by the Municipality of Santo Ângelo, through the application of the Damage Map and the Degradation Measurement Method on photos of the frontages obtained in loco. It also sought to identify the feasibility of using online tools in the diagnosis of the state of conservation of the facades, through the application of both methodologies in images obtained through Google Street View. Finally, it pursued to establish the relationship between degradation with the solar orientation of the facade, and the influence of maintenance actions on the development of facade degradation. Considering the total sample of buildings inventoried by the municipality, after the selection process, only 15 offered characteristics that allowed the application of the methods. It was not possible to apply the methodologies on the images obtained through Street View due to its low resolution, but the tool proved to be promising to analyze the evolution of the degradation suffered by the buildings, as well as to identify the occurrence of maintenance actions on the facades, since that “time machine” option allows inspecting images of buildings in different years. Regarding the photos obtained in loco, two methods were applied (Map of Damage and Method of Measurement of Degradation) and both presented similar results. The pathological manifestations with the highest incidence were moisture/mold/mold stains (53,9% to MD and 47,5% to MMD), followed by paint detachment (27,0% to MD and 29,5% to MMD). And the top region was the one with the highest percentage of damage (54,7%). Also, it was observed that even small maintenance actions severely influence the degradation of buildings, since the total Damage Factor (FDt) of the facades was swelling as the time increased since the last maintenance suffered by the building. The FDt for facades that underwent maintenance in three years, ten years and without maintenance were 5,34%, 8,34% and 35,88%, respectively. Finally, it was concluded that the use of survey methods is of paramount importance for the preservation of the built heritage.