Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch, 1856): alternativas de controle, interação com fungos fitopatogênicos e registro de Harmonia axyridis (Pallas, 1773) como predador em cultivos de videira no sul do Brasil

Abstract

Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch, 1856) popularly known as grape phylloxera is a sucking insect that feeds on the leaves (leaf-galling form) and roots (root-galling form) of species of the genus Vitis. The insect is the main pest of viticulture worldwide and in southern Brazil it is associated with the decline and death of vine plants. This work aimed to: (I) study alternatives for controlling ‘winter eggs’ in potted cuttings of the ‘Paulsen 1103’ rootstock (II) evaluate the effect of bioinsecticides on the root-galling form in the laboratory; (III) study the interaction between grape phylloxera, rootstocks and phytopathogenic fungi associated with the decline and death of grapevine plants and (IV) understand the natural enemies of the leaf-galling form of D. vitifoliae in the field. To control ‘winter eggs’, infested potted cuttings of ‘Paulsen 1103’ rootstock were subjected to treatments: a) Cold chamber (temperature between 2/4ºC), b) Cold chamber + heat treatment (50Cº) for 30 min, c) Cold chamber + heat treatment (50Cº) for 30 min, c) Cold chamber + sodium hypochlorite (2%), d) Cold chamber + Sivanto® Prime 200 SL (0.8mL p.c/L) e) Cold chamber + Provado® 200 SC (0.5mL p.c/L). To control the root-galling form, the following bioinsecticides were evaluated in 'Cabernet Sauvignon' roots: a) Meta-Turbo® SC (Metarhizium anisopliae IBCB 425, 1 mL p.c/L), b) Metarril® WP E9 (Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok., E9, 2.5mL p.c/L), c) Bovéria-Turbo® (Beauveria bassiana IBCB66, 2mL p.c/L), d) FlyControl® WP (Beauveria bassiana, Simbi BB 15, 1.5mL p.c/L), e) Octane® (Isaria fusorosea CEPA ESALQ-1296, 2.6 mL p.c/L) and f) Eco Tirano® (Plant extract based on garlic, Urea, Boric acid and water, 3mL p.c/L). In a greenhouse, micropropagated seedlings from the rootstocks 'Paulsen 1103' (Vitis berlandieri x Vitis rupestris) and '1111-21' (V. labrusca x V. rotundifolia) were evaluated for the interaction between the root-galling form of phylloxera and the phytopathogens Dactylonectria macrodidyma, Ilyonectria liriodendri, Neofusiccocum parvum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. To evaluate the natural enemies of the leaf galling form of grape phylloxera, harvests 2021/22 and 22/23 were collected, fortnightly, vine leaves in the field containing phylloxera galls, evaluating the presence of natural enemies in the laboratory. Heat treatment at 50ºC for 30 min was effective for controlling D. vitifoliae ‘winter eggs’ in cuttings of the 'Paulsen 1103' rootstock, preventing the formation of galls on the leaves after sprouting. The use of cold chamber + sodium hypochlorite was not effective in controlling ‘winter eggs’. The insecticides Provado® 200 SC and Sivanto® Prime 200 SL showed mortality rates of 100% and 98.8% respectively. At 15 days after the evaluation, the entomopathogenic fungi Meta-Turbo® SC, Metarril® WP E9, Bovéria-Turbo®, FlyControl® WP and Octane® did not cause significant mortality of the radicular form of phylloxera, while Eco Tirano® caused mortality of 72.6%. There was an interaction between D. vitifoliae and the species of fungal phytopathogens 10 Neofusiccocum parvum and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora. Larvae and adults of Harmonia axyridis were recorded for the first time in Brazil preying on all stages of development of Daktulosphaira vitifoliae in the field.