Fenologia e evolução de maturação de frutos oliveira na região da Serra do sudeste e Campanha do Rio Grande do Sul

Abstract

The olive tree (Olea europaea) is the main tree species with agronomic interest in the Mediterranean area. Although production is increasing in Rio Grande do Sul and the high quality of the oil produced in this region, there is still a need for more evaluations of the effect of climate related to the phenological stages of the crop. Phenology is the study of the occurrence of periodic biological events in the life of a plant and its relationship with the environment, in particular with the climate, and with this, knowledge about phenology allows us to understand the relationship between the morphological and physiological characteristics of the plant. plant. In the first experiment, evaluations were carried out in the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019the cycles, in five olive varieties: Arbequina, Koroneiki, Arbosana, Coratina and Manzanilla, in an olive grove located in the municipality of Cachoeira do Sul - Rio Grande do Sul. For the phenological determinations the dates of beginning flowering, full flowering, effective fruiting and color change were observed. Phenology assessments were performed weekly. The results of this work represent valuable references regarding phenological characterization for predicting the duration of the crop cycle. Considering the experimental conditions under which the research was carried out, it is concluded that the phenological behavior of the olive tree was dependent on the variety and environmental conditions. The second experiment was carried out during the cycles 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 under the same methodology, however, it was carried out in the municipality Pinheiro Machado – RS, in six olive cultivars: Arbequina, Koroneiki, Arbosana, Frantoio, Picual and Manzanilla. The results obtained showed that there was a phenological difference between varieties and between crops. The third experiment aims to determine the maturation indexes of olive oil extracted from different olive cultivars in the municipality of Pinheiro Machado - Rio Grande do Sul. The experimental design was completely randomized, with a factorial scheme composed of five varieties (Arbequina, Arbosana, Koroneiki, Frantoio and Coratina) and two harvest times (5 x 2). It is concluded that the fruit maturation index for higher oil yield should be in a range of 1.50 – 2.50, for the Arbequina, Koroneiki and Coratina cultivars. The maximum yield of oils varies according to the cultivar and the year of cultivation, highlighting the cultivar Koroneiki which obtained the highest yield (21.80%). For the acidity and peroxide index variables, the results obtained are in accordance with current legislation. The variable K232 and K270 presented values within the stipulated limit, with the exception of the cultivar Coratina.