Eficiência agronômica de fertilizante nitrogenado de liberação controlada e seus efeitos nas emissões de metano e óxido nitroso em arroz irrigado

Abstract

Nitrogen use efficiency of the fertilizers used is low, as a result of its loss susceptibility in plant-soil system, highlighting among these those originated of the production of N2O. N2O, along with methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are the main greenhouse gases and these gases emissions to the atmosphere are seen as the main cause of possible climate change. In Brazil, much of the greenhouse gas emissions comes from agriculture and deforestation, featuring such activities as potential to reduce air pollution. Controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers (CRF) are used to increase the use of N by plants, due to its property to gradually release nutrients to the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the controlled release fertilizer agronomic efficiency and its effects on CH4 and N2O emissions in irrigated rice cultivation. Study 1 was conducted through an experiment in randomized block design with four replications, conducted in a greenhouse and composed for the treatments: T1: control without N fertilization; T2: application of urea according to Southern Brazil recommendation; T3: all dose of urea incorporated; T4: CRF 1; T5: CRF 2. NH4 + and NO3 - concentration were analyzed in the soil solution along the soil flooding and mineral N in plant aerial part. Study 2 was conducted by experiment under field conditions, with three replications and the treatments: T0: control without N application; T1: urea applied in according with the recommendation; T2: CRF in coverage at sowing; T3: CRF in the furrow. Were evaluated CH4 and N2O emissions along the cultivation, Global Warming Potential partial (GWPp), concentrations of mineral compounds in the soil solution along the soil flooding, efficiency of fertilizers and grain yield. According to the results, the solubilization of the controlled release fertilizer is occurs more faster than expected, not exceeding 23 days flooding. The agronomic N use efficiency was 17,20 kg kg -1 for treatment with urea, 13,55 kg kg-1 in the treatment with CRF in coverage at sowing and 11,51 kg kg-1 for CRF in the furrow, results statistically not difference. The CH4 emission was not influenced by sources and N forms of application. The N2O emission total was 0,44 kg/ha treatment without N, 1,09 kg/ha of treatment with urea, 2,09 kg/ha of treatment with CRF in coverage at sowing and 2,94 kg/ha on treatment with CRF in the furrow. Global Warming Potential partial was not affected by nitrogen fertilization management. The application of CRF has no potential to reduce CH4 and N2O emissions in soil cultivated with rice. The use of CRF in the rice does not increase the yield. Contraventions and variations observed in studies with controlled-release fertilizers demonstrate the need for extensive research to assess the behavior in soil and the economic profitability of these products.