Tolerância ao alumínio em cultivares de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) colombianos e brasileiros

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most produced and consumed cereals in the world. However, this production is not sufficient to sustain the growing demand caused by the population increase. Production increases are under limitation since new cultivation areas are subjected to biotic and abiotic stresses. Some areas present high aluminum levels that are toxic to the rice crop, making it important to study the response of different genotypes under Al3+ stress. The goal of this study was to evaluate the rice response regarding toxic aluminum under different concentrations, aiming to obtain morphological parameters linked to Al3+ and to identify tolerant genotypes. Two experiments were performed, in which 22 rice genotypes (21 - indica and 1 - japonica) were evaluated. In the first experiment, under hydroponics, plants were maintained in 700mL pots with a nylon lid, containing nutrient solution with four Al3+ concentrations (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg L-1), for a 14 day period. Shoot length, first and second leaf length, root number, root length, root and shoot dry matter were measured. In the second experiment, in greenhouse, plants were mantained in pots with soil containing two Al3+ concentrations (0 and 3,5 cmolc dm-3), plants were evaluated during the whole cycle. In the initial phase, the following traits were evaluated: seedling height, number of tillers, number of leaves per tiller, affected leaf area (by chlorosis, yellowing and senescence); number of dead leaves and dead tillers (by chlorosis, yellowing and senescence). At the end of the cycle the following traits were evaluated: flowering, maturation, flag leaf length and width; culm length; number of culms per plant; percentage of spikelet fertility, panicle exertion; panicle length; number of panicles per plant; number of grains per panicle; awns; shattering, harvesting index, weight of a hundred grains. For the root evaluations, the following traits were measured: root angle, area, maximum width, length; deepness of maximum root width and root mass. Important diseases in the rice crop were also evaluated, using the scale proposed by IRRI. As a result, the genotypes Gen7 and Gen15 are considered promising genotypes for further investigations. The genotypes Gen3 and Gen6 at 10 mg L-1, Gen5 with 20 mg L-1, Gen18 at the concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 mg L-1 and Gen14 at 30 mg L-1 aluminum, presented tolerance to this element. The variables shoot and seconf leaf length, as well as root dry matter can be used to discriminate between tolerant and sensitive genotypes to aluminum stress, under short exposition periods.