Espaço arquitetônico e urbanístico em conjuntos habitacionais de interesse social em cooperativas: Bulevar Artigas e José Pedro Varela (Zona 1) ‒ Uruguai.

Abstract

In the context of Uruguayan housing cooperatives, the research aims to investigate the presence of critics to the functionalist city, established in the 1950s, in the design strategies of two Uruguayan housing of the 1970s ‒ the Bulevar Artigas Housing Complex and the Zone 1 of the José Pedro Varela Housing Complex. These sets are considered successful examples in the area of social housing. This research works with the hypothesis that, although the cooperative process was fundamental, the architectural and urban strategies conformed in the aforementioned context of criticism ‒ established around 1950s and 1960s, within (Team 10) and outside the International Congresses of Modern Architecture ‒ effectively collaborated in the process of appropriation of the residents with their habitat. As specific objectives were carried out a) analyzes of the architectural and urban international context after World War II and b) analyzes of Uruguayan housing cooperatives, the particularities of the system, its insertion in the Uruguayan context, the reverberations of the international scenario in the context of these cooperatives, etc. These analyzes were carried out based on bibliographic reviews. Then, through the analysis of architecture and urban planning, it was identified and corroborated the influence of the international scenario analyzed in objective a), in the design strategies of the housing complexes that are the objects of this research ‒ specific objective c). In order to carry out these analyzes a specific guide was elaborated: the idea of a city in the 1950s and 1960s. This guide is based on the theoretical framework used in the investigation, which is essentially the ideas developed in the international architectural and urbanistic context after World War II. A fourth stage of the work attempted to analyze the reality of the studied housings, through visits to these housings and the contact with some of their residents. The results of the research indicate how the approximations between the Bulevar Artigas and Zone 1 of JPV and the context of critical focus of this research, deepening this relationship cited by the bibliography and points out the potential of the projects to be considered successful. The contact with the reality of these cooperatives also proved, to a certain extent, that the residents of these housings possess a sense of appropriation in relation to their habitat. Finally, it is concluded that the success of these housings is very much in function of the cooperative system behind these projects and the collective experience of these cooperatives. More important for this research was to prove that also their projects, qualified and potent, allow this collective experience to happen and generate satisfaction on the part of its residents to live in these housings.