Toxicidade letal e subletal de pesticidas utilizados na fruticultura sobre o parasitoide da mosca-do-mediterrâneo Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Abstract

The larvae parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead, 1905) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is one of the main biological control agents for Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann, 1830) (Diptera: Tephritidae) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae). However, the application of pesticides for the management of diseases and insect pests in fruit species can have side effects on the parasitoid. This study aimed to evaluate the lethal and sublethal effects via residual contact of commercial pesticide formulations on the parasitoid D. longicaudata. The active ingredients thiamethoxam, indoxacarb, chlorpyrifos, deltamethrin, espinetoram, spinosad, fosmete, lambda-cyhalothrin, malationa, dimetoate and metidathione demonstrated high toxicity for adults of D. longicaudata (= 100% mortality) after 96h of exposure, being classified as harmful substances (Class 4). The active ingredient acetamiprid was moderately harmful (Class 3). In contrast, the formulations azadiractin A / B (Agroneem 850 EC), chlorantraniliprole, azadiratin (Azact 2.4 EC), azadiractin (Azamax 12 EC), copper + sulfur + calcium, azadiractin A / B (Fitoneem 850 EC), sulfur, lufenuron, sulfur + calcium, novaluron and mancozeb were classified as harmless (<10% mortality). In addition, the formulations azadiractin (Azamax 12 EC), copper + sulfur + calcium, azadiractin A / B (Fitoneem 850 EC), sulfur + calcium, mancozeb did not reduce parasitism and the emergence rate of the F0 generation. The same pesticides added to chlorantraniliprole, azadiractin A / B (Agroneem 850 EC) and lufenuron did not cause a reduction in parasitism and in the rate of emergence of the F1 generation of D. longicaudata. Formulations of the active ingredients chlorantraniliprole, azadiractin A / B (Agroneem 850 EC), azadiractin (Azamax 12 EC), copper + sulfur + calcium, azadiractin A / B (Fitoneem 850 EC), lufenuron, sulfur + calcium and mancozeb are suitable for disease and pest management in fruit species in association with D. longicaudata and must be evaluated in semi-field and field experiments to confirm the effect observed in the laboratory experiments.