Bioacústica de grilos (Orthoptera, Grylloidea): registro, descrição e armazenamento dos sinais acústicos, com listagem das espécies registradas no Brasil

Abstract

The sounds produced by crickets have been used in systematics, once it is a species-specific characteristic, as well as in ecology, geographic distribution, behavior, social dynamics, effects of anthropic action, among other areas. Bioacoustics comprises a range of activities including the recording and description of the sound, up to its registry in a database. This study aimed to use the sound of the call for the specific recognition of crickets Nemobiinae, to discuss the criteria for the registration and description of these acoustic signals, as well as to elaborate a protocol for bioacoustic storage of species of crickets (Grylloidea). In addition, all sound records of species that occur in Brazil were surveyed. The study was divided into three chapters: (1) the first included recording and analyzing the sounds of two species of Argizala Walker, 1869 (Orthoptera, Grylloidea, Nemobiinae) that occur in the semi-aquatic vegetation of lakes in the São Francisco de Paula National Forest, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Sound tests were carried out in the recording room of the Invertebrate Zoology Laboratory (LZ-Invert), with controlled temperature (22ºC ± 1) recorded by a digital thermohygrometer. The call sound was recorded with the Sony PCMD50 recorder, Sennheiser ME66 / K6 microphone, and the variables, dominant frequency, pulse rate, pulse duration, mute interval, pulse period and number of waves per sound pulse were recorded. obtained in the Avisoft-SASLab Lite software. Statistical analysis was performed in the Past 3.0 software and the variables tested for normality. The 14 individuals analyzed were separated into two groups (Argizala sp.1 and Argizala sp.2), that present different sounds between themselves, and the differences are sufficient to recognize the two groups of individuals as different species;(2) Chapter 2 included the elaboration of a protocol for the registration of acoustic signals of crickets, within the scientific rigor necessary for the inclusion of sound files in museums or phonotecas. A bibliographic review and analysis of existing protocols in phonotecas was carried out to guide the items listed in the protocol presented in this study, which includes elements such as taxonomy, location, climatic conditions, sound recording conditions, equipment used for recording sound, type of sound recorded within the species repertoire and storage of sound files. In each of these items, we list the information in three categories: essential, important and additional. Thus, the protocol proposed in this study brings important elements to the specific group, as well as requirements that sound banks require to incorporate new sound records in their collections; (3) in Chapter 3, the sound files of species of crickets from Brazil were organized and listed, providing the information contained in each sound file, as well as the quality of the recordings for possible deposit in phonotecas, and consequent availability as scientific information. The survey of the acoustic records took place by accessing information contained in the literature of documented sounds, as well as sounds deposited in phonotecs, in addition to the personal collection of Prof. Dr. Edison Zefa which includes records on analog tapes or digital files. Analog tapes were digitized using the AvisoftSASLab Lite software, with codes assigned to each species/individual sampled on the tapes. 483 sound records of 48 taxa were found, including 32 species, recorded in 41 locations, and 11 states. Of all the records that were gathered in this study, 297 sounds come from our collection. Thus, we contributed 61,49% of the total sounds recorded in Brazil.