Parâmetros químicos da fertilidade de um planossolo submetido a diferentes sistemas de cultivo após dezenove anos.

Abstract

The inadequate management of cultural tecnics as well as the continuous use of the soil, can alter soil physical, chemical and biological properties. In order to increase crop productivity and to lower production costs without changing the soil physical and chemical properties, a field experiment with alternative cropping systems is being conducted in an Albaqualf soil since 1985 in the Embrapa Clima Temperado lowland experimental field in Capão do Leão, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. with the objective of evaluating soil fertility in the different cropping systems, after 19 years of experiment conduction, soil samples have been collected at 0.0 2.5; 2.5 5.0; and 5.0 20.0 cm deepness as well as at the top of the B horizon. The following systems have been evaluated: 1 Traditional system: one year rice (conventional soil preparation) and two years fallow; 2 Continuous system with rice (conventional soil preparation) and weed control with herbicide; 4 Rice x soy rotation with conventional soil preparation; 5 Rice x soy x maize rotation with conventional soil preparation; 6 Rice x with ryegrass rotation under no tillage; 7 Rotation of no tillage rice x soy under conventional preparation; and 8 Natural vegetation (control). The following parameters were analyzed: organic carbon by the Walkley-Black method, as described in Alison (1965); total nitrogen, exchangeable cations ( Ca, Mg, Na, and Al), water pH and SMP index, as described by Tedesco et al. (1995); the extractable phosphorus and potassium by the Mehlich method described by Tedesco et al. (1995); the potential acidity (H + Al) extracted with calcium acetate 1 N (pH 7), titrated with 0.0125 NaOH N, as described in Embrapa (1997); The total cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation were calculated from the sum of exchangeable cations and potential acidy and % of base cations in the CEC. All the variables were submitted to variance analysis and Duncan test, using the Winstat software (Machado et al. 2001) for statistical Analysis. The results showed that the intensive use of the soil with annual cultures in rotation with flooded irrigated rice changed soil organic matter and nitrogen contents in the upper layers compared to the control; the affect of the liming in the acidity soil parameters (pH, V%, Ca, and Mg) after 14 years of application is being depleted, but it is still detectable; the systems exhibit the contents of extractable phosphorus and potassium by the Mehlich method proportional to the amounts of these nutrients applied along the years.